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Suitable for students at PET / B1 level
Intermediate Lanquaqe Practice
English Grammar and Vocabulary 3rd Edition with key
Intermediate Language Practice
English G ram m ar and Vocabulary 3 rd E d itio n
Macmillan Education Between Towns Road, Oxford 0X4 3PP A division of Macmillan Publishers Limited Companies and representatives throughout the world ISBN 978 0 2307 2699 4 without key ISBN 978 0 2307 2698 7 with key Text © Michael Vince 2010 Design and illustration © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2010 First published 1998 This edition published 2010 All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers. Layout and composition by xen Cover design by Oliver Design Illustrations by: Fred Blunt pp 87, 133, 212, 223, 254; Andy Hammond pp 106, 171, 240; Julian Mosedale pp 21, 60, 120; Oxford Designers and Illustrators pp 192, 226, 236, 245, 246, 251; Ben Swift p25. The author would like to thank the many schools and teachers who have commented on these materials. Also special thanks to Paul Emmerson and Sarah Curtis, and to Amanda Holmbrook and Clare Shaw.
Printed and bound in Spain by Edelvives 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents Grammar 1
Grammar starter test
Understanding grammar words; thinking about language in context, other ways of learning; which English? Grammar 2
Present simple: We like ice cream. Do you like Italian food? I don t like that. Where does she live? Present continuous: I ’m reading The Lord of the Rings Grammar 3
Present simple, frequency adverbs: I always get up at 7.00 State verbs and action verbs: I know what you mean. I have two sisters./l’m having problems with this computer. Grammar 4
Past simple: I enjoyed the film . Did you drink all the milk? The coat didn 'tfit me. What did you do yesterday? Past continuous: I was sitting by the door. Why were they waiting? Time expressions: I arrived here two hours agoHast week/at 6 00. Grammar 5
Past perfect: When we arrived at Sue’s house, she had left. I thought I'd seen the film before, but I hadn't. Used to, would: I used to have long hair when I was younger. Grammar 6
Present perfect 1
Present perfect: I have decided to leave tomorrow. I've been to Italy and France. I've hurt my foot. Time expressions: Have you finished the book yet? Grammar 7
Present perfect 2
Present perfect continuous: I've been waiting here all morning. I've been working here fo r two years. Grammar 8
Will: Perhaps it'll rain tomorrow. Be going to: Jean is going to learn to drive. Present continuous: Are you doing anything on Friday evening? Grammar 9
Future continuous: This time tomorrow I'll be eating lunch on the plane. Future perfect: By the time we get to the cinema, the film will have begun. Present simple: Our head teacher retires next year. Functions using will and shall: I'll try as hard as I can. Shall we play tennis? Checkpoint 1
Reported speech 1
Tense changes: She said that she needed some help. No tense changes: She said that she likes apples. People, places, times: She said that she would see me there the next day. Summarizing: say, tell, speak
CONTENTS Grammar 11
Reported speech 2
Reporting questions: She asked where the bus station was. She asked me if the London train stopped there. Reporting commands and requests: I told him to wait. Other reporting verbs: I advised fames not to buy the car. Grammar 12
Zero conditional: I f + present simple, . present simple: If it rains hard, everyone stays indoors. First conditional: I f + present simple, . will/wont: If we run, we won't be late. Second conditional: If+ past simple. would/wouldnt: I f I had a helicopter, I'd fly to school. Unless: We'll go fo r a walk unless it rains. Other uses of would: Would you like some more tea? Grammar 13
Third conditional: I f + past perfect, . would/wouldnt + have + past participle: I f I'd taken my umbrella, I wouldn't have got wet. Modal verbs in conditional sentences: I f you carry too many bags, you might drop the eggs. Conditionals without if. Imagine you saw a snake, what would you do? I f I were you, I I ' d be more careful, if I were you. Grammar 14
Wishes about the present: I wish I didn't have to go to school. Wishes about the past: I wish I hadn't eaten so much. Hope: I hope you have a good time. I f only: I f only I owned a helicopter! Grammar 15
Passive: The match will be played on Wednesday. Using by and with: Stones were thrown by angry football fans. Sentences without an agent: One protester was arrested. Transitive and intransitive verbs Grammar 16
Verbs with two objects: Peter gave Karen a present. To be born: I was born in Uruguay. Have something done: I ’m having my car serviced tomorrow. Passive + infinitive: The new shopping centre is supposed to open next spring. Grammar 17
Modals 1: present and future
Ability: Can you speak Chinese? Certainty and uncertainty: He must be stuck in the traffic. I might have some news fo r you next week. She can't be in Italy. Obligation: We have to wear a uniform. You must be here by 8.00. Opinions and advice: I think you should talk to your teacher about it. Grammar 18
Ability: Jane was able to rescue him. Jane could swim when she was ten. Certainty and uncertainty: You must have left your passport on the plane. Lina can't have written this. Maria might have taken the bus. Obligation: We didn't have to wear a uniform. I didn't need to go. I needn't have gone. Opinions and advice: I think you should have worked harder. IV
CONTENTS Checkpoint 2
To and for: He went to the station to meet his parents. So that: He wears socks in bed so (that) his feet don't get cold. Grammar 20
Reason and result
So and such for emphasis: I bought so many books that I couldn 't carry them all. It was such a good film that I saw it twice. Too and not enough for a difficulty: It was too fa r to walk. He is not old enough to walk to school. Very, so and too: It’s so expensive!too expensive. As a result, in the end, eventually: Kate waited fo r a bus fo r a long time, and in the end she took a taxi. Grammar 21
But, yet and although: Maria went to school although she was ill. Even though and though: Even though she felt very ill, Maria went to school. While and whereas; despite and in spite of, however and on the other hand: Despite her illness, Maria went to school. Maria was ill. However, she went to school. Grammar 22
Asking for information: Could you tell me what time the bus arrives? Offers: Would you like a soft drink? Permission: Could I possibly leave a bit early? Promising: I ’ll be back at 11.30. Requests: Can you help me? Requests with mind: Would you mind helping me? Suggesting and advising: Let’s go to the cinema. I f I were you, I ’d stay at home. Grammar 23
Relative clauses 1
Relative clauses: The doctor who treated me told me not to worry. Relative pronouns: The bus which! that goes to Cairo leaves from here. The girl whose case had been stolen went to the police station. Leaving out the relative pronoun: The doctor I spoke to told me not to worry. Grammar 24
Relative clauses 2
Combining sentences: The girl whose case was stolen went to the police station. Relative clauses with an -ing form: Can all the students leaving tomorrow give back their books? What as a relative pronoun: What I want now is a cup o f tea. Grammar 25
Yes!No questions: Do you live in Prague? Wh- questions: What are you doing? Question words as the subject: What do cats eat? Negative questions: Don't you like Mexican food? Short answers: No, I don't. Grammar 26
Tag questions: You don't know the answer, do you? You speak French, don't you? Let’s go to the cinema, shall we? Reply questions: I've never eaten spaghetti. Haven't you? Indirect questions: Do you know when the film starts?
CONTENTS Grammar 27
Introducing new information: There are 12 students in this class. It was a difficult choice. Referring back: This is the shop. It’s open every day. Referring to a place: Who is that over there? Its and its; they’re and there. Grammar 28
Place and position
In, inside, out, outside; in, on; on, at, in or to? At; above/below, over/under; next to/beside, near/by; opposite Checkpoint 3
In, on and at; relation to today; parts of yesterday, today and tomorrow; Calendar references; for, since and ago; during or for?; By or until?; On time or in time?; Once and one day; now and nowadays; then, afterwards, after and later; at the end, in the end and at last. Grammar 30
Countable and uncountable nouns
Some or any?; We've got some juice but we haven't got any glasses. Have you got any cups? Many and much; How many chairs are there? How much money have we got? Singular or plural?: My trousers are too tight. The news is on. Grammar 31
Indefinite article a/an; It’s a lovely day. Zero article (no article): Milk is good fo r you. Jim is in prison. Grammar 32
Definite article the: The war lasted fo r two weeks. I really admire the Italians. Do you play the guitar? Grammar 33
All, some: All my friends have bikes. Some students are expected to help. No, none: No students arrived on time. None of the guests are here yet. Each, every: Each one o f you can carry a parcel. Every box was wrapped in coloured paper. Both, either, neither: Both o f you can help me. Either o f the books will be useful. Neither colour matches the walls. Grammar 34
Adjectives and adverbs
Order of adjectives: An old leather football boot. Gradable adjectives: It was absolutely boiling last week. Adjectives ending -ing and -ed; It was an interesting film , but I was tired. Adjectives with be, become, feel, look. One; This is a good one. Adverbs and adjectives: The train went fast. It was a fast train. Adverbs of degree (intensifiers): I could hardly stand up. Peter is really happy. Grammar 35
Comparatives and superlatives: Mary is a better player than Monica. Sarah is the best player in the team. Making comparisons: Mary plays better than Monica. Making comparisons with adverbs: Could you drive more slowly? Intensifiers: That film was fa r less frightening than this one. VI
CONTENTS Grammar 36
Phrasal verbs 1
Verbs with three parts: I ’m looking forward to my holidays. Verbs with two parts, transitive and inseparable: When Alex started singing, everyone joined in. Grammar 37
Phrasal verbs 2
Verbs with two parts, transitive and separable: Toms aunt brought him up after his parents died. Verbs with two parts, intransitive: The car broke down when we were on the motorway. Checkpoint 4
Verbs followed by -ing or infinitive 1
Verbs followed by -ing or infinitive with little or no change of meaning: I think you should start to write!start writing. Verbs followed by to + infinitive: I can't afford to go to the cinema. Verbs followed by to + infinitive, or fhaf-clause: We decided to go home./We decided that we would go home. Grammar 39
Verbs followed by -ing or infinitive 2
Verbs followed by -ing or infinitive with change of meaning: I remember telling you./Remember to take your keys. Verbs followed by -ing or infinitive without to with change of meaning: I tried to take an aspirin./I tried taking an aspirin. Verbs followed by -ing or noun: I dislike going out in the rain./I dislike my new boss. Verbs followed by -ing, or noun, or t/iaf-clause: The minister admitted taking a bribe!admitted everything!admitted that he was wrong. Grammar 40
Verbs followed by prepositions
Verbs + preposition: What are you talking about? Be + adjective + preposition: Dora is really good at maths. Grammar 41
Indefinite pronouns: someone, anyone etc.: There is someone at the door. Everyone, no one etc.: Everyone likes Sue. Reflexive pronouns: myself etc.: He cut himself. Impersonal one: One takes the train to the airport from here. Grammar 42
s (apostrophes): Jim’s scarf. The students’ coats. O f and compound nouns: The end of the street. A shop window. Possessive adjectives: Peter is my cousin. Possessive pronouns: This book is mine. Double possessive: She’s a friend of mine!of my sister’s. Grammar 43
And, both, too, as well, also; fo r example, such as; first (of all), secondly . finally; as well as this, besides this; in fact, actually; in my view, personally; either, or; instead (of); except; even Time words with other meanings: I couldn't swim since I had a cold. Grammar 44
Capital letters and punctuation
Capital letters: I saw Ellen last night. Full stop (.); comma (,); semi colon (;); colon (:); speech marks (") question mark (?) and exclamation mark (!)
CONTENTS Grammar 45
Spelling and pronunciation 1
Adding -mg to verbs: swim/swimming Words ending in -ful: beautiful; -ie or -e/'?: field, receive Silent letters: knee, castle Grammar 46
Spelling and pronunciation 2
Same sound, different spelling: love, trouble Same pronunciation, different spelling and meaning: court, caught Words which look similar: later, latter Words with a syllable which is not pronounced: Wednesday Nouns and verbs with c and s: practice, practise How to improve spelling Checkpoint 5 Vocabulary
Dealing with vocabulary
When you find a new word - Making the most of your dictionary Keeping a vocabulary notebook
Word formation 1
Word formation 2
Collocations and fixed expressions 1
Collocations and fixed expressions 2
Money and shopping
Family and friends
The body and clothes
Travel and holidays
Interests and free time
The natural environment
Tools and technology
Grammar starter test Use this test to find out how much you know, and where to focus your practice.
1 Units 1 to 9 A Choose the best answer.
1 What will you do!are you doing this evening? Do you want to come to the cinema? 2 Where were you going when I saw/I was seeing you yesterday? 3 Since the end of June, I am /I have been in France. 4 When I got home, I realized I left/I had left my books at school. 5 By the time we get to the theatre, the play will have started/has started. 6 What do you think of the party? Are you having/Do you have a good time? 7 This is the best ice cream I had ever tasted/I have ever tasted. 8 How much is a ticket to London costing?/does a ticket to London cost? B Put the words in brackets in a suitable tense.
1 What time (the shops close). . on Thursday? 2 How long (you study). English? 3 I cant play tennis at the moment. I (break). a bone in my foot. 4 You’d better take a pullover in case you (feel). cold. 5 Sorry I’m late, (you w ait). for long? 6 Where (Sam g o ). for his holidays last year? 7 The Egyptians (build). the pyramids over 4,500 years ago. 8 This time next week we (sit). on the plane to New York.
2 Units 10 to 18 A Put one word in each space.
me to wait outside until he came back.
2 I wish I . swim. 3 If I . some money in the street, I’d keep it. 4 If I . you, I’d take an umbrella. 5 Jan. to be home by midnight. 6 Peter h a s . his car stolen. 7 If y o u . harder, you would get better marks. 8 More oil h a s. found in Scotland. l
INTERMEDIATE LANGUAGE PRACTICE B Choose the best answer. 1 Will you be able/have to help me with the cooking? 2 I don’t think you must/should eat any more. 3 I might have left/might leave my wallet in the shop, I suppose. 4 That mustn’t/cant be Ann. She’s in Canada. 5 We must have brought/should have brought our raincoats. We’re going to get wet. 6 The children havent/dont have to go to school tomorrow. 7 We needn’t have bought/must not have bought so much food. There is plenty for everyone. 8 I’ll wait here. Mary should/can be back soon.
3 Units 19 to 28 A Choose the best answer. 1 We haven’t got bread enough/enough bread. 2 W hat/Which I really want is something to eat! 3 Let’s going/go to the cinema tonight. 4 Harry continued playing football despite/in spite injuring his leg. 5 Which bus does leave/leaves from here? 6 Jane was very tired/too tired to do any more work. 7 The woman who/who she helped me spoke very good English. 8 Would you mind/like carrying this for me?
B Put one word in each space. 1 It w as. SJAfttt. beautiful day that I went for a walk. 2 I’m in the wrong seat. ? 3 Tina was too ill to go to school so she stayed. 4 W ould. a soft drink, or some water? 5 We waited for the bus for ages a n d . we decided to walk. 6 . to be something wrong with the camera. 7 Jeff bought a ladder. he could pick all the apples. 8 . it was raining, we went swimming.
4 Units 29 to 37 A Choose the best answer. 1 Wear a heavy coat today. It’s very freezing/really freezing. 2 The French/French drink a lot of wine.
3 There is/It is someone waiting for you outside.
GRAMMAR STARTER TEST 4 Tom has lived here since four years/for four years. 5 I hope to be back here until four oclock/by four o’clock. 6 This film is better as/better than the last one we saw. 7 Mark has long hair/long hairs. 8 Helen was grown up/brought up by her aunt and uncle.
B Put one word in each space. 1 A lan. MfeSS. flftgy. his father. They are very similar. 2 The room was empty. So far. the guests had arrived. 3 We drove to the beach. we had hired. 4 Maria is . student in the class. She is lm 80cms. 5 The 14.00 bus to Leeds left exactly. at 14.00. 6 My teacher gave m e . useful advice.
7 I’m really. forward to my trip to Brazil. 8 The new s. on TV at nine o’clock.
5 Units 38 to 46 A Put one word in each space. 1 . 5y. tythlKV9. has gone wrong today! I can’t believe it! 2 Do y o u . waiting outside for a moment? 3 Sue will be in the team tom orrow. of Anna. 4 I wish the other students in the class. stop talking! 5 I don’t understand what you are talking. Can you explain? 6 This is Jim. He’s a friend o f . 7 I m u st. for being so late. I’m so sorry. 8 Does this bike. to you?
B Make one correction in each sentence. 1 Someone phoned and I told it that you were out. ..tyicyw. 2 Don’t forget being here by nine o’clock. 3 Helen was cut herself with a knife while she was cooking. 4 Who’s books are these? Are they yours? . 5 I offered carry her bags but she refused to let me. 6 On the way home, I stopped buying some milk at the supermarket. 7 Could you explain me something please? . 8 I took and my raincoat and my umbrella with me.
Introduction Understanding gram mar words 1 Match the examples (1-14) with the grammar words (a-n).
1 a/an, t h e . 2 at, to, f o r . 3 do, h a ve . 4 can, m u s t . 5 If you do that, I ’l l . 6 she, someone, m yself . 7 all, some, both, either . 8 past simple, present perfect . 9 W hat’s your name? Where do you live? . 10 happy, important, good . 11 slowly, carefully, w ell . 12 get up in the morning, look up a w ord . 13 The letter that arrived this morning is fo r you . 14 It is m ade of wood. The book was written in 2001 . a b c d e 2
verb tenses auxiliary verbs modal auxiliaries prepositions questions
adjectives adverbs conditional sentence passive voice pronouns
phrasal verbs articles determiners relative clause
Match the tenses in italics (1 -8) with their names (a-h).
1 Helen is leaving first thing in the morning. 2 I ve been studying English for two years. 3 If I had a helicopter, I’d get to school more easily. 4 I get up at 7.30 every day. 5 Next year I’ll be taking my final exams at university. 6 By the time we got to the station, the train had left. 7 I’ve lived in Athens all my life. 8 While I was walking along the street a dog ran in front of a car. a b c d
present simple present continuous present perfect present perfect continuous
past simple past continuous past perfect future continuous
GRAMMAR 1 INTRODUCTION Thinking about language in context 3 For each situation (1 -4) underline the best expression. The other alternatives may be wrong in grammar, or too informal/impolite, or too formal/polite for the situation.
1 Its your birthday on Saturday. Invite a friend to your party. a) I’ll have a party on Saturday. You will come. b) I’m having a party on Saturday. Do you want to come? c) I have a party on Saturday. Are you coming? 2 You are on the bus. Ask a stranger to open the window. a) Could you open the window, please? b) Open the window. c) Excuse me, but do you think you could possibly open the window? 3 You arrive late for class and apologize to your teacher. a) I’m late, I apologize. b) Sorry I’m late. c) Please accept my most sincere apologies. 4 You are a witness to a minor accident. Explain what you saw to a policeman. a) This car comes down the road and hits a tree, bang! b) A car had come down the road and had hit a tree. c) A car came down the road and hit a tree.
Other ways of learning 4 Which ways of learning English do you use? What could you start doing now? 1 Reading for pleasure. 2 Translating. 3 Making lists of words, or problem points, in a notebook. 4 Using a dictionary. 5 Listening to songs. 6 Keeping a diary. 7 Reviewing your written work. 8 Looking at English-language Internet sites. 9 Watching television, watching films or listening to the radio. 10 Using a self-study grammar/vocabulary book.
Which English? English is a world language, and the English spoken in the USA or Australia differs from the English spoken in Britain. There are also differences between speakers from Scotland, Ireland and England, and between different parts of the same country. This book uses what is generally called Standard British English. References are also made to some differences in American English.
Present sim ple: form •
Form the present simple with the infinitive form of the verb (without to). Add s in the third person singular he/she/it. I like
Some verbs are irregular: have, be. I have You have He/She has I am You are He/She is •
They have They are
Spelling changes Verbs ending in o, s, ch, sh, x add -es for the third person singular. He goes She misses She watches He wishes He relaxes
Questions Form yes/no questions with do + the infinitive (without to). Use does for he/she/it. Do you like Italian food? Does she like Italian food? Use do/does to form questions with when, what, why, where, how and, in certain situations, who. What do you want? Where does she live?
Negatives Form negatives with do not + the infinitive (without to). Use does not for he/she/it. I do not like that. She does not like that.
Short forms (contractions) In speech and informal writing, do not becomes don’t, and does not becomes doesn’t. I don’t like that. She doesn’t like that.
Present sim ple: meaning •
The present simple can describe: 1 Habitual actions. I usually get up at 7.30. 2 Actions and situations that are generally or usually true. Liz plays in the school basketball team. We like ice cream. 3 Facts which are always true. The sun rises in the east.
The present simple also has some future meanings (see Grammar 9).
GRAMMAR 2 PRESENT TIME 1 Present sim ple: pronunciation Verbs which end in Izl, /dz/, /s/, /sh/, /tsh/ and /ks/ have an extra syllable in the third person, pronounced lizl. watches
After /f/, /k/, /p/, /t/, third person sound is /s/: hits /hits/ Other third person /s/ endings are pronounced as /z/: sees /si:z/
Present continuous: form • Form the present continuous with the auxiliary be and the -ing form of the main verb. I am relaxing. You are relaxing. He/She is relaxing. We are relaxing. They are relaxing. •
Spelling changes Verbs ending -e drop the -e when they add -ing. like liking decide deciding write writing Verbs with one syllable, ending in one vowel and one consonant, double the consonant when they add -ing. sit sitting swim swimming dig digging Verbs ending -ie change -ie to -y. lie lying tie tying die dying
Short forms (contractions) In speech and informal writing, there are short forms: I’m writing. You’re writing. He’s/She’s writing. We’re writing. They’re writing.
Questions Form yes/no questions by putting the auxiliary be before the subject. Am I writing? Are you writing? Is he!she writing? Are we writing? Are they writing? Wh- questions follow the same pattern. What are you writing? Why are we writing?
Negatives Form negatives with the verb be + not. I am not writing. He is not writing. They are not writing. In speech and informal writing, there are short forms: I’m not writing. He’s not writing. They’re not writing. He isn’t writing. They aren’t writing.
Present continuous: meaning •
Use the present continuous to describe: 1 Actions in progress at the present moment. Sorry, I can’t speak to you, I’m washing my hair. 2 Actions happening ‘around now’, but not at the moment of speaking. I’m reading The Lord of the Rings.
The present continuous also has future meanings (see Grammar 8).
INTERMEDIATE LANGUAGE PRACTICE 1 Underline the correct phrase in each sentence.
1 What time go you/do you go to bed on Saturdays? 2 Why are you waiting/do you waiting outside the door? 3 Don’t ask Tim. He doesn’t know/not knows the answer. 4 I having/I’m having my lunch at the moment. 5 When you leave/do you leave the house in the morning? 6 I don’t understand. What is happening/is happen ? 7 Excuse me, does you know/do you know the time? 8 This is a great party. I ’m having/Am I having a lovely time. 2 Read the answers and then complete the questions.
1 W here. dftfts Su.$. Llyg. Sue? She lives at the end of Axwell Road. 2 D o . Jim? No, I don’t know him. 3 W h at. ? At the moment? I’m doing my homework. 4 A re. ? Here? No, I’m sitting over there. 5 D o . ? Here? No, we change trains at the next station. 6 W hy. ? I’m wearing two pullovers because I feel cold! 3 Rewrite each sentence so that the verb in italics is a negative contraction.
1 Naomi and Bill are watching television. .
2 Peter likes chocolate cake. 3 I ’m using this pencil at the moment. 4 The children are having lunch in the kitchen. 5 I get up early on Saturday. 6 Elena is writing a novel.
GRAMMAR 2 PRESENT TIME 1 4
Complete each sentence with a present simple or present continuous form of the words in bold.
. cheese sandwiches? you like
2 What tim e. ? the sun rise 3 W hat. at the moment? you read 4 I’ll talk to you later. a bath. I have 5 W e. at school. not use computers 6 Look out of the window. it snow 7 This is an examination! W hy. ? you talk 8 A n n . to school by bus every day. g° 9 . a uniform at your school? you wear 10 Pat has got an interesting hobby. a boat. she build 5 Choose the correct spelling from each pair of words.
SEE ALSO Grammar 12: Conditionals 1 Grammar 13: Conditionals 2
Present perfect 1 Present perfect: form •
Form the present perfect with the auxiliary verb have/has and the past participle (third column in verb tables). The past participles are in the list of irregular verbs on page 268. I have decided to leave tomorrow, (regular) Sue has sent an email to Lucy. (irregular) In speech and informal writing we use short forms (contractions): I
She has sent an email.
She’s sent an email.
Questions and negatives Form questions by putting have/has before the subject. In speech and informal writing we use short forms (contractions): Have you decided yet? Has she left yet? Sue has not sent an email to Lucy. She hasn’t sent an email to Lucy.
Present perfect: meaning The present perfect describes past events which are connected to the present. Use present perfect to describe: 1 Experiences in our life Have you (ever) visited any other countries? Yes, I’ve been to Italy and France. This is a question about all our life until the present moment, and the answer has no time expression describing when we visited these countries. Compare: Yes, I went to Italy and France in 2006. (past simple) 2 An event in the past with a result in the present. Helen has broken her pencil. I’ve hurt my foot. There is no time expression because when it happened is not important. Our attention is on the present ( Where is the pencil sharpener? / 1 cant play football). Compare: I hurt my foot last week, (past simple) action happening in a period of time up to the present, exact time not known PAST
Helen has broken her pencil.
INTERMEDIATE LANGUAGE PRACTICE 3 A situation that started in the past and continues until the present. I’ve lived here for ten years. I’ve often seen Jim with his dog in the park. Here there is a time expression, describing how long or how often something has happened. 4 The number of things finished so far. I’ve read 100 pages o f this book. An exact time is not mentioned.
never Use ever and never to talk about our experiences in life. Have you ever eaten Japanese food? No, I ’ve never eaten it.
yet, so far and already Use yet in questions and negative sentences. It has a similar meaning to so far (or ‘up to now’), which is used in questions and positive sentences. Have you finished this book yet? No, I haven t finished yet. I ’m on page 56. How many pages have you read? I ’ve read 56 pages so far.
Use already in positive sentences to describe an action which happened before. When are you going to finish your letter? I ’ve already written it. •
just Use just to describe a very recent event. Cathy has just phoned from the airport.
Frequency adverbs: always, often etc. Frequency adverbs that are used with the present simple can also be used with the present perfect. Peter has always loved animals, (a state) We have often visited Spain. (a repeated event)
for and since For describes the length of a time period. Tom has worked here for three months. Since describes the point when the time period started. Tom has worked here since July 1Oth.
GRAMMAR 6 PRESENT PERFECT 1 1 Put each verb into a form of the present perfect simple.
1 What’s the matter? (you c u t). Q8&.GAifr. yourself? 2 I (have). a headache ever since lunchtime. 3 Nadia (never see). any Chinese films. 4 Someone (steal). Mr Grant’s bike. 5 The passengers are tired because they (not sleep). all night. 6 I’m afraid we (just break). your window. Sorry! 7 David (not w in ). a prize this time, I’m afraid. 8 (you ever eat). Spanish food? It’s great! 2 Complete what each speaker says.
i We . . . ' v e . b j . for 25 wonderful years!
on holiday to Australia.
5 I . the day we met!
6 Oh no! I . my pencil!
INTERMEDIATE LANGUAGE PRACTICE 3 Complete each sentence with a time word or phrase from the box.